Photo 23: Yoní (Ka. 1747)
We have not found any female deities from this period.
During the Phnom Da style, Siva and his wife are still
not depicted in human form. Some research studies indicate that the birth of
the universe comes from the union of the forces of the sun and the earth. In
this case, the light of the sun on contact with the earth would foster the
birth of life, creation and the development of human, animal and plant life.
Other documents present the linga as the power behind the
birth of the universe while the yoní would simply represent the field of
creation or support the linga, which is called Snánadroni. But both yoní and
linga play the same important role in the birth of the universe.
Photo 24: Linga (Ka. 1630)
Most of the yoní held in the museum are made of schist. A
yoní is usually square in shape; its design comprises a lip to let the holy
water flow out and with a central opening, either round or square, where the
linga is placed. The square, the most common shape, symbolizes Umá, but the
museum also owns a round-shaped yoní that symbolizes Dyrgá under the guise of a
buffalo. There are some examples of linga and yoní carved in a single block of
stone.
Photo 25: Yoní (Ka. 1761)
The worship of the god Siva and his wife Umá symbolized
as the linga and the yoní is merely a duplication of primitive beliefs in
natural forces, as previously described. As a symbol of the existence of
natural forces, the linga is placed atop the yoní, its peak turned upriht.
Photo 25: Linga and Yoní (Ga. 3449)
To this day, yoní can be found in certain temples. They
always face north. The north symbolizes wealth – productivity or fertility –
guarded by a Lokapála named Kuvera.
During the Tchen-la era, Durgá, Siva’s wife, is portrayed
in a human form by the artists from the Sambor Prei Kuk, Prei Khmeng and
Kampong Preah styles (Ka. 1593, fig.1).
Follwing this anthropomorphic representation of Durgá,
Siva, too, for the first time is portrayed in a human form.
The Lingodbhavamúrti lintel (Ka. 1774) from the Prei
Khmeng stule is adorned with a bas-relief of a human head, on the linga-shaped
pillar of fire, which represents Siva according to the account of the argument
between the three major gods, Brahma, Visnu and Siva.
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Photo 27:
Lintel (Ka. 1774)
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Durgá appears as a four-armed female deity, standing atop
a pedestal, of which the principle face features a buffalo head symbolizing her
fierce enemy, the Asura.
Legend has it that after he conquered the world of the gods, the Asura
Mahisa chased them away. The gods warned Siva and asked for his help in finding
a way to kill him. Siva replied that no god except his wife Durgá was capable
of carrying out such a task. Indeed, this goddess was born spontaneously from
the will and the magical powers of the three major gods, Brahma, Visnu and Siva
himself. Immediately after, she received weapons from the major and the minor
gods: Visnu’s bow. A bloody war took place between Durgá and Mahisa. The
goddess emerged victorious from the war by killing the Asura.
Detail of
central motif of Lintel (Ka. 1774)
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The museum’s collections show a four-armed Durgá wearing
the symbols of Visnu. Durgá is portrayed as a female deity standing on a
pedestal with a buffalo head on the front. Even though Khmer art captures the
extraordinary strength of Durgá, it never depicts the goddess’ fierceness.
However, one of the works (Ka. 2927) shows the goddess
holding a dagger ad a shield in her upper hands, weapons that she received from
different gods.
b). Visnu’s wife
The museum owns a statue of a female deity with two
broken arms (Ka. 1621), which, in the absence of any attributes and
characteristic features, has been named, ‘the lady adorned with all the
qualities of beauty’. This perfect beauty may be Laksmí, Visnu’s wife.
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An inscription found at the Preah Khan temple at Kampong Svay mentions, ‘He took the kingdom for himself amidst a crowd of other kings’. H...